Folic Acid vs. Folate: Which Form Is More Effective?

What Is Folic Acid and What Is Folate?

When exploring this topic, you may come across the terms folate and folic acid being used interchangeably. Both are also referred to as Vitamin B9 in German-speaking countries, and as Vitamin B11 in some other regions. So, you might encounter four different terms that often refer to the same thing. Although folate and folic acid produce similar effects, there are some important differences.

Folate Is the Natural Form

Folate is the natural form of Vitamin B9. It’s found in a wide variety of foods, including:

• Vegetables, especially cabbage, asparagus, tomatoes, spinach, beetroot, beans, and lettuce
• Nuts
• Legumes
• Potatoes
• Fresh fruit
• Liver
• Seafood
• Eggs
• Sunflower seeds
• Whole grains
• Milk and dairy products

How Is Folic Acid Different?

Folic acid is the synthetic form of Vitamin B9, commonly used in supplements. Many foods are already fortified with it, such as bread and dairy products.

However, the body processes folate more efficiently because it’s directly converted into its active form, which the body can use immediately. In contrast, folic acid must go through several conversion steps to become active, which may not work optimally for some people. An excess of unmetabolised folic acid in the blood can potentially pose health risks. This is why it’s often better to choose folate from natural sources or high-quality supplements to ensure your body can effectively utilise Vitamin B9.

Why Is Folic Acid Important?

Vitamin B9 is particularly important for cell formation, cell division, and the healthy development of nerve tissue. Alongside other vitamins, it supports energy metabolism. The synthetic form of Vitamin B9 also promotes iron metabolism, which is crucial for blood formation.

During pregnancy, folic acid is vital for embryonic development. If you are planning to become pregnant, are already pregnant, or are breastfeeding, it’s especially important to avoid a folic acid deficiency. If you’re concerned about this, it’s best to consult with your doctor.

The Right Dosage: What You Need to Know About Folic Acid

The daily requirement for folic acid depends on various factors. To prevent a folic acid deficiency, public health authorities recommend different concentrations. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) generally recommend a daily dose of 150 micrograms for adults to prevent deficiency. Higher needs exist for:

• Women with a preventive intention of conceiving
• During pregnancy, especially in the first trimester
• During breastfeeding
• Individuals with heavy alcohol consumption
• Undernourished individuals
• Those taking certain medications, such as antiepileptics or drugs for ulcerative colitis
• People with gastrointestinal diseases or digestive disorders like coeliac disease

Is There a Maximum Dosage?

You can consume natural folate in unlimited amounts according to current scientific knowledge. However, the situation is different with folic acid. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment recommends a maximum daily dose of 200 micrograms for healthy adults. For women of childbearing age and pregnant women in the first trimester, the recommended maximum daily dose is 400 micrograms.

What Are the Symptoms of a Folic Acid Deficiency?

Consuming folate or folic acid below the recommended daily dose does not necessarily lead to a noticeable deficiency. However, consistently falling well below the required amount can result in deficiency symptoms. Common signs of a folic acid deficiency include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Irritability
• Muscle aches
• Heart rhythm disturbances
• Pale skin
• Concentration problems
• Shortness of breath
• Hair loss
• Swollen tongue and sore mouth lining

A folic acid deficiency during pregnancy is particularly concerning. Inadequate intake can impair cell formation and division, posing a risk of birth defects. Several studies have shown that taking folic acid before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of neural tube defects (such as spina bifida and brain damage).